Kim at 19:12, 5 January 2021

2021-01-05T19:12:58Z

Kim: Created page with "'''Cosmic rays ''' are highly energetic particles which originate from extraterrestrial sources. A distinction between '''soft cosmic radiation''' stemming mainly from our sun..."

2021-01-05T19:01:43Z

Created page with "'''Cosmic rays ''' are highly energetic particles which originate from extraterrestrial sources. A distinction between '''soft cosmic radiation''' stemming mainly from our sun..."

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'''Cosmic rays ''' are highly energetic particles which originate from extraterrestrial sources. A distinction between '''soft cosmic radiation''' stemming mainly from our sun and '''hard cosmic radiation''' produced outside our solar system can be made. When interacting with particles in the earth's atmosphere, '''primary cosmic rays''' can induce a '''high energy shower cascade''' yielding a multitude of newly produced particles.

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== Composition ==
[[File:Energy spectrum primary cosmic rays.png|0.1px|thumb|right|Energy spectrum of primary cosmic radiation]]

Primary cosmic consists of about 90% of protons, about 9% of helium nuclei and 1% of heavier nuclei. The precise composition depends on the considered energy range. The energy distribution of primary cosmic particles, as shown o the plot on the right, has a most probable value of about 300 MeV (3 x 10<sup>6</sup> eV) and drops sharply for increasing energies. However, cosmic rays with energies up to 3 x 10<sup>20</sup> eV (~ 50 J) have been observed.

[[File:PIA16938-RadiationSources-InterplanetarySpace.jpg|thumb|left|Cosmic rays produced in the sun are deflected by the Earth's magnetic field]]

As the energy of a primary cosmic particle hints at its origin, a classification in '''soft cosmic radiation''' with kinetic energies up to several hundred MeV and '''hard cosmic radiation''' is done. Soft cosmic radiation originates from the sun. The relatively low energy of these particles allows for a deflection due to the Earth's magnetic field. The deflected particles are steered towards the magnetic poles where they interact with the atmosphere which can be seen as polar lights.

== Cosmic ray showers ==
The interaction of primary cosmic rays with an atmosphere yields a plethora of secondary particles. AS these secondary particles decay themselves, they give rise to tertiary particles decaying into even more particles. Ultimately, a primary cosmic ray triggers a multiplication process yielding a '''shower''' of particles. The extension of the shower heavily influenced by the energy and type of the primary particle.

[[File:Cosmic shower.png|thumb|left|Schematic representation of a cosmic ray shower. The interaction of the primary proton with the atmosphere gives rise to secondary particles. ]]

The most prevalent particle species in the showers are electrons, photons, protons, neutrons, pions and muons. While the former four can be considered inherently stable on the timescales relevant for a cosmic shower formation, pions and muons have a finite life-time. Owing to [[relativistic effects]], the detection of muons on the surface of Earth is nonetheless possible. Measuring these secondary muons paves the way to reconstruct properties of the cosmics shower itself as well as the primary particle.

[[File:Showersim Geant4 10TeV.png|thumb|right|Geant4 simulation of an atmospheric particle shower triggered by a 10 TeV proton.]]

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-'''Cosmic rays ''' are highly energetic particles which originate from extraterrestrial sources. A distinction between '''soft cosmic radiation''' stemming mainly from our sun and '''hard cosmic radiation''' produced outside our solar system can be made. When interacting with particles in the earth's atmosphere, '''primary cosmic rays''' can induce a '''high energy shower cascade''' yielding a multitude of newly produced particles.
+Als '''Kosmische Strahlung''' bezeichnet man hochenergetische Teilchen, die aus extraterrestrischen Quellen stammen. Man unterscheidet zwischen '''weicher kosmischer Strahlung''', die hauptsächlich von unserer Sonne stammt, und '''harter kosmischer Strahlung''', die außerhalb unseres Sonnensystems entsteht. Die '''primäre kosmische Strahlung''' kann bei der Wechselwirkung mit Teilchen in der Erdatmosphäre eine '''hochenergetische Schauer-Kaskade''' auslösen, die eine Vielzahl von neu erzeugten Teilchen hervorbringt.
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-== Composition ==
+== Zusammensetzung ==
-[[File:Energy spectrum primary cosmic rays.png|0.1px|thumb|right|Energy spectrum of primary cosmic radiation]]
+[[File:Energy spectrum primary cosmic rays.png|0.1px|thumb|right|Energiespektrum von primärer kosmischer Strahlung]]
-Primary cosmic consists of about 90% of protons, about 9% of helium nuclei and 1% of heavier nuclei. The precise composition depends on the considered energy range. The energy distribution of primary cosmic particles, as shown o the plot on the right, has a most probable value of about 300 MeV (3 x 10<sup>6</sup> eV) and drops sharply for increasing energies. However, cosmic rays with energies up to 3 x 10<sup>20</sup> eV (~ 50 J) have been observed.
+Primäres kosmisches Material besteht zu ca. 90% aus Protonen, ca. 9% aus Heliumkernen und 1% aus schwereren Kernen. Die genaue Zusammensetzung hängt von dem betrachteten Energiebereich ab. Die Energieverteilung der primären kosmischen Teilchen, wie sie im Plot rechts dargestellt ist, hat einen wahrscheinlichsten Wert von etwa 300 MeV (3 x 10<sup>6</sup> eV) und fällt bei steigenden Energien stark ab. Es wurden jedoch auch kosmische Strahlen mit Energien bis zu 3 x 10<sup>20</sup> eV (~ 50 J) beobachtet.
-[[File:PIA16938-RadiationSources-InterplanetarySpace.jpg|thumb|left|Cosmic rays produced in the sun are deflected by the Earth's magnetic field]]
+[[File:PIA16938-RadiationSources-InterplanetarySpace.jpg|thumb|left|Die in der Sonne erzeugte kosmische Strahlung wird durch das Magnetfeld der Erde abgelenkt]]
-As the energy of a primary cosmic particle hints at its origin, a classification in '''soft cosmic radiation''' with kinetic energies up to several hundred MeV and '''hard cosmic radiation''' is done. Soft cosmic radiation originates from the sun. The relatively low energy of these particles allows for a deflection due to the Earth's magnetic field. The deflected particles are steered towards the magnetic poles where they interact with the atmosphere which can be seen as polar lights.
+Da die Energie eines primären kosmischen Teilchens einen Hinweis auf seine Herkunft gibt, wird eine Einteilung in '''weiche kosmische Strahlung''' mit kinetischen Energien bis zu einigen hundert MeV und '''harte kosmische Strahlung''' vorgenommen. Weiche kosmische Strahlung hat ihren Ursprung in der Sonne. Die relativ geringe Energie dieser Teilchen ermöglicht eine Ablenkung durch das Magnetfeld der Erde. Die abgelenkten Teilchen werden in Richtung der magnetischen Pole gelenkt, wo sie mit der Atmosphäre wechselwirken, was als Polarlicht zu sehen ist.
-== Cosmic ray showers ==
+== Kosmische Teilchenschauer ==
-The interaction of primary cosmic rays with an atmosphere yields a plethora of secondary particles. AS these secondary particles decay themselves, they give rise to tertiary particles decaying into even more particles. Ultimately, a primary cosmic ray triggers a multiplication process yielding a '''shower''' of particles. The extension of the shower heavily influenced by the energy and type of the primary particle.
+Die Wechselwirkung der primären kosmischen Strahlung mit der Atmosphäre führt zu einer Fülle von Sekundärteilchen. Während diese Sekundärteilchen selbst zerfallen, erzeugen sie Tertiärteilchen, die in noch mehr Teilchen zerfallen. Letztendlich löst eine solche primäre kosmische Strahlung einen Vervielfältigungsprozess aus, der einen '''Schauer''' von Teilchen erzeugt. Die Ausdehnung des Schauers wird stark von der Energie und der Art des Primärteilchens beeinflusst.
-[[File:Cosmic shower.png|thumb|left|Schematic representation of a cosmic ray shower. The interaction of the primary proton with the atmosphere gives rise to secondary particles. ]]
+[[File:Cosmic shower.png|thumb|left|Schematische Darstellung eines kosmischen Strahlenschauers. Durch die Wechselwirkung des Primärprotons mit der Atmosphäre entstehen Sekundärteilchen. ]]
-The most prevalent particle species in the showers are electrons, photons, protons, neutrons, pions and muons. While the former four can be considered inherently stable on the timescales relevant for a cosmic shower formation, pions and muons have a finite life-time. Owing to [[relativistic effects]], the detection of muons on the surface of Earth is nonetheless possible. Measuring these secondary muons paves the way to reconstruct properties of the cosmics shower itself as well as the primary particle.
+Die vorherrschenden Teilchenspezies in den Schauern sind Elektronen, Photonen, Protonen, Neutronen, Pionen und Myonen. Während die ersten vier auf den für eine kosmische Schauerbildung relevanten Zeitskalen als von Natur aus stabil angesehen werden können, haben Pionen und Myonen eine endliche Lebensdauer. Aufgrund von [[relativistischen Effekten]] ist der Nachweis von Myonen auf der Erdoberfläche dennoch möglich. Die Messung dieser sekundären Myonen ebnet den Weg zur Rekonstruktion von Eigenschaften des kosmischen Schauers selbst sowie des Primärteilchens.
-[[File:Showersim Geant4 10TeV.png|thumb|right|Geant4 simulation of an atmospheric particle shower triggered by a 10 TeV proton.]]
+[[File:Showersim Geant4 10TeV.png|thumb|right|Geant4-Simulation eines atmosphärischen Teilchenschauers, ausgelöst durch ein 10 TeV-Proton.]]

Kosmische Strahlen - Revision history

Kim at 19:12, 5 January 2021

Kim: Created page with "'''Cosmic rays ''' are highly energetic particles which originate from extraterrestrial sources. A distinction between '''soft cosmic radiation''' stemming mainly from our sun..."